McDonalds Marketing Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

McDonalds Marketing Strategy - Case Study Example Shifting lifestyles, aging population and healthy food consumption trends hamper industry growth. Despite McDonald's many successes and long-standing position as a global industry leader, the golden arches are showing evidence of tarnish. Over the last years the company has shown signs of failure to identify with its customers and this has lead to retarded growth and unmet expectations. In this paper I will examine in greater detail latest industry trends and I will critically evaluate McDonald's marketing strategy. The final part of the paper discusses strategic alternatives and suggested strategies for McDonald's Corporation. The fast food market is dynamic and growing, it amounts to $99.6 billion and is expected to grow by 15% by 2009 (Datamonitor, Global Fast Food, 2005). To the west growth has been driven by changing consumer lifestyles. The restaurants segment benefits from the reduction of leisure time, accompanied by increasing trends away from preparing food at home (Datamonitor, Global Restaurants, 2005). The growth in the Far Eastern countries, on the other hand, is fuelled by growing population, economic development and rising purchasing power of local population (Datamonitor, Foodservice China, 2005). Still, the bright future of the fast food sector is not secur... The growth in the Far Eastern countries, on the other hand, is fuelled by growing population, economic development and rising purchasing power of local population (Datamonitor, Foodservice China, 2005). Still, the bright future of the fast food sector is not secured and it's again consumer trends that hamper its development. Aging population in US and Europe tends to favour more sophisticated food and service offers to fast-food restaurants (Datamonitor, Global Restaurants, 2005). A major threat to the fast-food industry is the trend towards healthy food that shifts consumption away from fast food market. Intense competition among fast food retailers has forced major chains to focus on value chain efficiencies in order to improve profits (Datamonitor, Global Restaurants, 2005). Additionally, local markets have put high legal and market-driven entry barriers for international retailers (Ball et al, 2005). Customer analysis All in all, the McDonald's fast food offer is attractive to people from all age groups. The company specifically targets children and middle-class households that are less demanding in their choice for sophisticated product offer. Rising incomes in developing markets make the McDonald's offer more feasible and better accepted even in places where the company has been regarded as rather expensive, one example is India. The American identity of fast food products in Japan and other countries in the Far East enhances their image. According to a survey by the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, 50 % of teenagers prefer Western foods to traditional dishes. As a result, American companies in Japan account for half the business (Ball et

The mystical body of Christ in Catherine de Hueck Doherty's Vision for Thesis Proposal

The mystical body of Christ in Catherine de Hueck Doherty's Vision for Lay Apostolate - Thesis Proposal Example Third, Doherty had been a prolific writer and her works continue to influence many people, lay and religious. The lay apostolates she founded, the Madonna House and the Friendship House, continue to publish her writings, articulate her views, venerate her life, and propagate her writings. Finally or fourth, a number of non-famous and famous lay workers—like Dorothy Day—have expressed that they have been inspired by Doherty. Through the identification of the key perspectives espoused by Doherty, it is possible to explore central theological themes or theme through which the lay apostolates of the pre-Vatican II Catholic Action era were built and how the laity implemented the papal encyclicals of pre-Vatican II. Doherty has been known as a refugee from the Russian Revolution who had possessed nothing more than the clothes she was wearing and the deep religious faith she embraced since childhood. She had lived as a Russian Baroness and as a beggar. She avoided death during her escape from the Bolsheviks and walked in the shoes of both the rich and the poor.1 During the 1920s, her first years in the United States and Canada, she made her living in temporary jobs. While working at a department store, she was overheard talking about her experiences as a member of the Russian nobility, and was offered an opportunity to travel and deliver speeches on the subject. Later, after having lived in poverty for many years, she earned back the wealth she held in Russia. However, following her successful years in the Chautauqua circuit,2 she eventually abandoned material possessions and committed herself to a simple life and lay apostolate. Inspired by Rerum novarum, 3Quadragesimo anno,4 and Pope Pius XI’s letters on the subject of Catholic Action,5 she established Friendship House in the slums of Toronto with the goal of forming a non-segregated residential home for the city’s poor. Beginning her initial apostolate, Doherty lived in community with th e poor of Canada. In 1936, she set up two more houses in Ottawa and Hamilton, Ontario. By 1938, priests in New York City asked her to open a fourth in Harlem. Eventually, Doherty—through support of the Catholic Interracial Council6—was able to open a Friendship House in Chicago, Illinois (1942).7 Three years after marrying journalist Eddie Doherty,8 she moved to Combermere, Ontario, and together the Dohertys founded in 1947 a second apostolate—the Madonna House. According to Julie Leininger Pycior, Doherty’s Friendship House â€Å"†¦championed living out the Gospels through opposition to racial injustice and solidarity with the poor; at the height of its influence in the late 1930s and early 1940s, Harlem Friendship House served as a pioneering center of Catholic lay activism for social justice.†9 In her early years as a lay founder, she sought to remedy social problems by reaching out to the most impoverished individuals and providing educati on on Catholic Social Teaching. Her goal was to address both the spiritual and immediate physical needs of those she served, and to encourage others to recognize the dignity of every human being made in the image of God. During the late 1940s and into her Madonna House period, Doherty’s vision of the lay apostolate broadened considerably as she began to view Catholic Action as multidimensional, extending far beyond protests of social injustices: she viewed the lay apostolate as the fruit of an intimate relationship with Christ in the sacraments, particularly the

Virtual Reality A Modern Technology Media Essay

Virtual Reality A Modern Technology Media Essay Virtual reality is one of the modern technologies which was introduced a few decades back and has taken an important place in the field of technology in a very short time. it makes use of an artificial environment generated by the computer in which simulates the real environment. Besides gaining an immediate acceptance in the world of computer games, it is now being used in many fields of life including architecture, medicine, military and aviation. Scientists and researchers are expecting to explore a lot in this modern technology than what we know about it today. It is a great leap in the field of 3D and a lot of work is still under progress. The discussion below is an insight into the details of this technology, its uses, advantages, disadvantages and social impacts. The term virtual reality refers to refers to a modern technology providing an immersive, interactive experience using the three dimensional computer based graphic images. This technology creates an artificial environment with the help of computer hardware and software and is presented to the user in way which simulates the real world. The equipment makes use of a pair of special gloves, ear phones and goggles, the three of them being controlled by the computer. In this way, three of the users five senses are receiving and input from the computer. The goggles also act by detecting the eye movements of the user, thereby monitoring his actions. ORIGIN: The idea of virtual reality was first presented in 1930s, when the first fight simulator was invented by the scientists for the purpose of training the pilots. This was in an attempt to prepare them for the actual flight environment before being able to fly a real fighter plane. The invention got improvement in 1965, when Ivan Sutherland, an American, presented his theory of developing a portable virtual world using two tiny television sets, one meant for each eye. His invention worked, but to a very basic level. The images were rough and not clear. Another problem was the weight of the helmet used. It was quite heavy and needed to be supported from the ceiling. But the idea has actually got its base and now needed to be improved. Scientist continued working on this idea until in 1985, Michael McGreevy, from NASA introduced a much improved version of virtual reality. It was light weighted, using motorcycle helmet with mini display screens. It was also provided with the special sensors which were used to detect movements with the help of sensitive computer technology. Finally, during 1986, the invention got its final touch when a computer games programmer named Jaron Lanier introduced a new glove for virtual reality. In this way took the modern form in which we look it today. (Virtual Reality, 2004) TYPES OF VIRTUAL REALITY: There are three main types of virtual reality technology: The first one uses a helmet, ear phones and a pair of special gloves or joy sticks controlled by a computer and assisted by special sound effects and graphic images. The second one makes use of the video cameras. These cameras track the image of the participant in an artificially created virtual world. The participant can even move the objects in this world using virtual technology. The third type makes use of the three dimensional images. The screen used is shaped in a curve. This makes the images closer to the real world. (Nigel W. John, Joanna Leng (2001). CATEGORIES: There are six categories in which virtual reality can be displayed: Desktop displays, Head-mounted displays, Arm-mounted displays, Single screen displays, Surround screen displays and Volumetric displays. (Nigel W. John, Joanna Leng (2001). The head mounted displays are among the most widely used displays for virtual reality. In this device, a pair of display screens is placed right in front of the users eyes. These screens are attached to a helmet which the user wears. The arm mounted displays resemble a pair of binoculars mounted on an articulated arm. The user visualizes the virtual world by means of lenses. His virtual environment is controlled by his movements at an arms length and range of motion. Single screen displays use the Immersive Workbench products. These products mostly make use of a tabletop metaphor where the virtual objects give an impression of lying on the table top. Other types of single screen displays make use of a window metaphor. In this kind of display the image seems to be appearing in a large window opened into a virtual space. Another sort of display is known as CAVE, where the viewer sees the images in the form of multiple screens surrounding him as if he is present inside a large cube. The viewer can explore the virtual world by moving inside the cube. (Nigel W. John, Joanna Leng (2001). USES: Virtual reality is now being used in many professions including architecture, meteorology, military, medical and molecular studies. 1. Architecture. Virtual reality has been now used for long in the field of architecture. It has been used to establish the models of buildings before the construction is started. It has also proved to be helpful to determine how a building may have collapsed and to provide improvements in reconstructing a damaged building. 2. Weather Forecast. Virtual reality has also been used in the weather forecast profession by simulating the images with the data collected from the satellites and radars. 3. Military Training. Now virtual reality has officially been declared a part of the U.S military training. They make use of the environments created using virtual reality in whole rooms where soldiers are provided different experiences. These include the war fields as well as different exercises. 4. Cancer Chemotherapy. Another remarkable use of virtual reality in medical field is as a treatment for the cancer patients. Chemotherapy is a painful procedure for most of the patients, yet it is necessary as many malignant cancers cant be treated but their progression can be stopped by the chemotherapy treatment. It has been shown that if the chemotherapy is provided to these patients while they indulge themselves in some activity using virtual world, the pain felt is quite less that that experienced without it. Many chemotherapy centers are now making use of this technology. It is especially true in case of children suffering with cancerous lesions requiring chemotherapy. They feel the procedure less painful if they are allowed to play games or perform any other activity using virtual world and receiving the chemotherapy at the same time. Researchers explain this by the fact that three of the users senses become occupied while using the virtual world. These include, vision, hearing and touch. Thus the brain is actually distracted from the painful event being carried out. Images also play quite an important role in this treatment. The patient is given the option to select any image of his/her choice, like walking on a beach, or visiting an art gallery or performing deep sea diving etc. 5. Molecular Biology. The molecular biology is also making use of virtual reality in order to study the molecular and cellular structures. It enables the scientists to visit small sections of a molecule and study its properties. 6. Medical Studies. Virtual reality is now being used in medical studies as well. By using virtual reality, the medical students and even doctors can learn complex medical procedures without risking anyones life. In medical field virtual reality has been used in diagnosing various diseases using the images provided by other scans and then merging them using medical technology. (eHow, 2010) 7. Driving Lessons. In many countries now virtual reality has been used for driving tests as well. Apart from the actual on-road driving test, the candidates have to take a virtual reality based driving test as well which simulates the real environment. 8. Disabled Children. Virtual reality has also proven itself to be a blessing for the disabled children. A child who a wheel chair for moving needs around can gain an insight of many of the places which he cannot otherwise visit. He can select the images or environment of choice and go to the virtual world for flight, diving, walking, fighting, driving or many other activities. In this regard it is a great blessing for the bed ridden or wheel chair bound children or individuals. (itgs, 2010) ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES: The main advantages of virtual reality are as follows: Virtual reality provides the diverse types of data available in instant forms. It provides images from many different points of views. It is able to demonstrate the non-visible data to the user like in case of geochemistry. Allows a person to visit the places normally inaccessible to individuals. Provides an experience which can be repeated and revised. It can cover the education and knowledge related to almost all fields of life. Even children as well as adults can get benefit from it. It provides information in an interesting manner preventing the user from getting bored. (Weili Qiu, Tom Hubble, 2006). Virtual Reality 9 A remarkable research being carried out now a day is an attempt to make virtual reality usable by the blind persons in order to enable them to face the real world challenges using modern technology. Although the development of a virtual world can be considered as a great leap in the modern technology, yet a lot needs to be still done in this field. Given below is a chart displaying the possible harmful health effects of virtual reality: (Bing Images, 2010). The progress may be considered as slow mainly because of its complex technology. Other disadvantages include: This technique uses the computer visualization and digital techniques, yet it does not present the true three dimensional natures of objects. Although it is very close to reality, yet is unable to provide the feelings of touch, smell etc. It is still not as beneficial as being really in a field. Visiting a website using virtual reality is difficult and hindered by many factors like the network access, load on network and number of connections etc. Many websites accessed using virtual reality are ephemeral and not permanent. Yet needs much improvement regarding the teaching environment. The user may get lost over different websites, thereby increasing the problem of time management. (Weili Qiu, Tom Hubble, 2006). Some users complain of nausea and vomiting by an excessive and continuous use of virtual reality technology. CAN VIRTUAL WORLD REPLACE THE REAL EXPERIENCE? Virtual world is although quite close to the real world yet it is still unable to replace the feelings of a real world. As an example, the virtual reality technology is now being used for military training as well. But a soldier actually knows that he is not going to get any harm from any bullet coming from an unknown origin or a surprising attack. These feelings can only be experienced while being in an actual war field where all of a soldiers instincts are fully active in order to prevent him from any unknown danger, as he knows that it is real and he can even loose his life if he gets distracted from this actual environment. (Science Clarified, 2010) Similarly, it was found many years back that the pilots trained by using the flight simulators make mistakes while flying the actual plane. This occurs because of the actual differences found between the virtual and the real world. As for example, a flight simulator is unable to present the affects of simulation that a pilot feels during an actual flight. Thus, when he gets into a real flight, he faces confusion while experiencing the new sensation. Yet, this is a temporary problem and is resolved by allowing the pilots trained by flight simulators to fly a plane, only after twenty four hours have passed. These problems are although temporary, but they have raised questions about whether a long term use of virtual reality able to bring about permanent changes, especially in children, whose brains are still under developing stage and can easily be modified as compared to the grown ups. Some psychologists believe that a long term and frequent use of virtual reality is going to change the way, people are used to perceive the real world. According to some psychiatrists, a prolonged use of virtual world can make people avoid real life problems instead of trying to solve them. WORLDWIDE ACCEPTANCE: Although virtual reality technology can be still described to be in its initial stages, yet there are now about 61,000 commercial companies all over the world which are using the virtual reality technology to produce different products. Even at this basic stage, now virtual reality has become a part of the educational training at about 3,600 educational institutes all over the world. (authorSTREAM, 2010) There can be no doubt in saying this that the use of virtual reality has now increased to a great extent than the time when it was introduced initially, all over the world. Given below is a graph showing an increase in the use of virtual reality over the period of years. (Google images, 2010) CONCLUSION: Virtual reality can be described as one of the most important inventions of the modern world. Initially when computer was invented, it did not have much uses. With time, many improvements were made and computer started taking an important place at offices, homes and industries. Development of internet was a remarkable addition and it made the computer a necessity for every work place as well as homes. Likewise virtual reality was developed initially with a very basic knowledge. But now, it has started taking an important place at many work places especially those professions which are related to computer and technology. Still studies are being carried out in order to make further improvements in it, and we can predict its importance in the upcoming time mainly because of the reason that the virtual reality enables a person to visit any place or environment where it is sometimes practically impossible to go in person. One can visit the internal body, the space, the molecular structure s, deep sea, buildings, sky, planets or whatever one can think of. Science is amazing and the computer world is giving the mankind an experience of a totally new world which could not be imagined some decades back. Thus, virtual reality can be easily described as one of those inventions of science, which carry a great elasticity in them and with the research work going on in this field, we can hope to get even better results expected to bring great changes in almost every field using computer technology.

Opportunities and Threats facing the U.S Airline Industry Essay

Opportunities and Threats facing the U.S Airline Industry The health of the overall U.S airline industry is still tenuous in-spite of the passenger traffic volumes returning to pre-9/11 levels. A survey estimated that from 2001 through 2003, the US airline industry reported to have lost $23.2 billion dollars, compounded by an additional $1.6 billion in the first quarter of 2004. This $24.8 billion shortfall exceeds the total profits earned over the entire six-year period 1995-2000 Drastic changes in the Economic, Political/legal and technological segment of airline’s external environment contributed to some of the major looses seen by the industry. The key factors that heavily contributed to the loses include †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economic slow down in the country †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Massive decline in business travel †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SARS epidemic †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase in competition †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Availability of substitutes for air travel †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  soaring fuel prices †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weak dollar In response to the industry’s financial crisis, Congress made available several forms of relief that amounted to over $20billion. This relief includes the payment of upto $5billion in pretax cash assistance to reimburse air careers for losses incurred as a direct result of the 4-day government shut-down of air traffic after 9/11. However, relief measures were not enough to bring the airline industry out of hot water. Most of the airlines have accumulated vast amounts of debt which brought them on the verge of bankruptcy. The list includes Atlas/Polar Cargo, Midway, National, Sun Country, TWA, United and US Airways. American and Delta airlines narrowly avoided bankruptcy but have warned about such possibility. †An average carrier is now well over 90% leveraged (net debt to equity ratio) compared to 60-70 percent historically. This means most airlines are now completely leveraged and unable to obtain capital. This has added to significant debt service costs and will make the industry even more vulnerable to any future economic downturns. With industry debt well over $100 billion, much of it due in the next 24 month. 11 of 12 airlines are rated â€Å"junk bonds† by S&P. Only Southwest remains at an â€Å"investment grade. Almost all airlines are faced with the same challenges and threats in the external environment like rising fuel cost, weak travel demand etc. Some airlines like Southwest, JetBlue and AirTran whi... ...work and take necessary action to adapt and sustain its competitive posture. Southwest employs integrated low-cost and differentiated strategy which enables the firm to †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adapt quickly to environment changes †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Learns and implement new skills and technology quickly †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Effectively utilize its core competency while competing against rivals. To sustain a competitive advantage and to seek above average returns, Southwest implements this strategy to produce relatively differentiated service at lower cost compared to its rivals. Yes this strategy is appropriate to offset the forces in the industry. Southwest should grow internationally as the demand for air-line travel has substantially declined domestically in the last couple of years and will continue to decline further in some segments like business or corporate travel. The major reason I feel is the growth in communication technology enabling people to work remotely without the need to be present in the office. Voice and data over IP, Live meeting and communication services have substantially reduced the need for corporate executive and divisional managers to travel thus lowering the demand further.

Citibank

Policy and Purpose The purpose of the GTAG is to serve as the primary payment method for DoD personnel for official travel expenses incurred during Toys and also allows access to the GSA City Pair Program. Military personnel who violate and misuse the travel card can be prosecuted under Article 92 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCM) for failure to obey a lawful order or regulations, as well as any other applicable article of the JACM based on the nature of the misconduct involved.Civilian personnel who misuse or abuse the travel card may be subject to appropriate administration or capillary action up to, and including removal from Federal service. There are many laws and documents governing the travel card program. Some of these are listed below: ; Public Law 105-264 public Law 107-314 public Law 109-115 DoD Financial Management Regulation (DOFFER) – Volume 9, Chapter 3 ; DoD Statement of Understanding You will learn more about each law and document in this course.Pu blic Law Public Law 105-264, Public Law 109-115 and Public Law 107-314 govern travel cards. A brief description of each law is provided below. Mouse over each Information icon to read about each Public Law. Public Law 105-264 Establishes the travel card program within the Department of Defense (DoD). ; Mandates the use of a Government-sponsored travel card for costs associated with official Government travel. Public Law 107-314 Establishes the requirement of split disbursement directly to the travel card vendor.Public Law 109-115 Requires each Executive department and agency to evaluate the credit worthiness of an individual before issuing a GTAG. DoD FM, Volume 9, Chapter 3 and DoD Statement of Understanding The Doffer, Volume 9, Chapter 3 establishes command, supervisory, and personal responsibility for use of the GTAG and the operation of the DoD travel card program. It is the responsibility of commanders and supervisors at all levels to ensure compliance with this regulation.The DoD Statement of Understanding must be signed by each traveler. It states that the applicant understands the provisions of the travel card program and proper use of the travel card. DoD Components may modify the DoD Statement of Understanding to reflect specific organization requirements. Benefits of Using a Travel Card Now that you are aware of the various laws and documents governing travel cards, let's look at some of the benefits.A Travel Card: Is an efficient tool for conducting official travel Eliminates the need for you to pay for your own expenses ; Saves administrative costs incurred on paper-based transactions ; Saves costs due to tax exemption status in select states ; Improves organization cash management Provides financial readiness Allows access to the GSA City Pair Program Reduces the need to issue traditional travel advances (cash/electronic funds transfer) Individually Billed Account In order to obtain a travel card, you first need to apply for an individually bill ed account (BIB).An BIB is issued only for payment of the traveler's official Government ravel expenses. It is not authorized for personal expenses; it is not transferable and can only be used by the cardholder. Expenses for any individual other than the cardholder and their authorized dependents are strictly prohibited. Payments for travel card Bias are the cardholder's responsibility. The Government is not liable for such accounts. You will receive your monthly billing statement directly from the travel card vendor at the address provided on the application and/or the address on file with the travel card vendor.We will discuss how to apply for a travel card BIB in the next topic. Types of Cards The two types of Bias are standard and restricted. Use of these cards is limited to official travel expenses only. A restricted travel card helps control delinquency by limiting the cardholder to a minimal amount of credit. Restricted travel cards look just like standard travel cards. A res tricted travel card is issued in the following situations: ;An individual does not meet the credit requirements for a standard travel card. ; The individual declines a credit check.The commanding officer, supervisor, or APPC requests a restricted travel card be issued. Usually this is done only if there has been financial counseling in the past. Credit Limit The credit limits for standard and restricted travel cards differ with respect to the total credit limit, monthly ATM limit, and monthly retail limit. The table shows the credit limits for standard and restricted travel cards. The cardholder's APPC can temporarily raise total credit limits, with the commanding officer or supervisor's approval, in order to meet mission requirements.If the cardholder's APPC increases the credit limit amount above a certain level, additional approval within the cardholder's major command, service, or agency chain of command is required. Processing Routine Applications The APPC and travel card vendo r will perform the following steps when processing routine applications: 1. The APPC will verify the information entered by the applicant and complete the billing hierarchy information. 2. The APPC will approve the application within three days of receipt of the completed application package. 3.The travel card vendor processes the application and mails the card within three business days of receipt of the approved application. The applicant should receive the card within 10 days of submission of the application to the travel card vendor. Processing Expedited Applications An expedited application will be processed when a traveler is in a TIDY status and requires a card or no longer has possession of their travel card due to loss or theft. The APPC and the travel card vendor will perform the following steps when processing emergency applications: 1 . The APPC will call the travel card vendor to request an expedited travel card. . The APPC will fax a hard copy application to the travel card vendor as soon as possible. 3. The APPC will annotate ‘Expedited Application' prominently on the application and verify with the travel card vendor whether the application has been received. . The travel card vendor will process and forward expedited cards within 24 hours to the individual cardholder's stated address, the TIDY location, or an address as otherwise directed by the APPC. Expedited mail delivery time is 2 to 3 business days. Services are available for travel cards to be delivered in 1 to 2 business days or Saturday delivery. 5.The travel card vendor charges an additional fee for expedited travel cards, which is reimbursable and should be included on the travel voucher. Payment Policy When you start using your travel card, you will receive a monthly billing statement if NY transactions have been made to your account during the billing period. This statement lists all the transactions that occurred during the billing cycle. If there are incorrect transactions on the statement, you may dispute them. Disputes must be filed within 60 days of the statement date on which they first appeared. A dispute form may be obtained from your APPC or on the TOM and/or Cit website.You are expected to make payment, in full, by the due date regardless of whether or not you receive reimbursement. Accounts are past due if you do not pay by the statement due date. Accounts become delinquent and are suspended at 61 days after the statement due date. Fee Policies There are several fees associated with the travel card. These are: ; Late fees Return check fees Expedited delivery fees ATM fees Surcharge fees Address Change It is the cardholder's responsibility to notify the organization's APPC and the travel card vendor of changes in contact information (e. . , new address, phone number, e-mail address, name change, or employer). Cardholders should perform the following actions when changes occur to contact information: ; Inform the travel card vendor y using the form provided on the back of the statement or by calling the travel card vendor's toll free phone number ; Contact the APPC Failure to notify the travel card vendor and APPC of an address change may prevent the cardholder from receiving the travel card billing statement on time.In addition, the travel card account may be closed until the correct address is provided to the travel card vendor. Delinquency An account is delinquent when a cardholder fails to pay the outstanding balance in full within 60 days of the billing statement date. After 60 days, the account is suspended and further action will be taken if the account remains delinquent.Contributing Factors & Consequences of Delinquency Some contributing factors to delinquency are: Failure to pay the travel card vendor by the billing statement due date ; Failure to file for reimbursement within 5 days of return from travel ; Failure to use split- reimbursement to pay the travel card vendor ; Failure to claim all authorized expens es Excessive/unauthorized ATM withdrawals or card use for personal expenses ; Failure to update mailing address with the travel card vendor and APPC Some of the consequences of delinquency are:Counseling Oral and/or written reprimand Suspension of charging privileges Cancellation of the travel card account Salary Offset Negative reporting to credit bureaus (after 210 days of delinquency) Account Closure and Cancellation While you enjoy the benefits of having a travel card, you must be careful when using it. Misuse of the travel card or not making timely payments can result in account closure or cancellation.A card will be cancelled for the following reasons: Two checks returned due to insufficient funds in a 12-month period ; Two suspensions in a 12-month period (the card will be permanently closed on the third suspension) ; When the account is 126 days past billing and remains unpaid ; The travel card vendor may close a travel card account upon the request of the cardholder's APPC; Travel card is lost or stolen Reduced Payment Plan Salary Offset is the term used to describe the withholding of money from the cardholder's salary.To avoid Salary Offset you may request a Reduced Payment Plan (RIP). A RIP is a written agreement between the cardholder and the travel card vendor where the cardholder agrees to make monthly payments to the vendor. The number and amount of payments will be negotiated with the cardholder and will be eased on what is required to resolve the entire account balance in a reasonable timeshare. A RIP can be requested any time before Salary Offset takes place. You previously learned that one of the consequences of delinquency is Salary Offset.Salary Offset is a process that allows DoD, on behalf of the travel card vendor, to automatically collect payment from the cardholder's pay for any amount owed as a result of undisputed delinquencies. DOFFER Volvo AAA and 8 Travel Card I Travel Card Policies Salary Offset Dispute Process Janet, a cardhold er, has received a letter stating her salary will be offset to pay her liniment travel card account if she doesn't make payment within 30 days. What can Janet do? Once an account is 91 days past the billing statement date, the travel card vendor will send a Salary Offset Due Process Notification Letter to the address on her account.Janet may then petition for a hearing, disputing the validity or amount of the debt, and the amount of the proposed offset schedule. It is important that Janet files the request for a hearing within the stipulated deadline stated in the Due Process Notification Letter. If a hearing is requested, the Salary Offset process is suspended temporarily. Split Disbursement Split Disbursement is required by DoD policy and is there to assist cardholders with timely payment of travel card accounts.When preparing your voucher you need to review the Split Disbursement amounts to ensure money is being disbursed to completely pay all charges made to the travel card. Mis sion Critical Status Mission Critical Status is a special designation used to accommodate the unique requirements of individuals deployed long-term to locations that prevent them from filing interim vouchers (if authorizations were created outside of TTS) and making prompt payments to the travel card vendor. The APPC or Component Program Manager (CPM) designates Mission Critical Status with prior approval of the traveler's commander or supervisor.This status must be authorized in the travel orders. Key Summary Points The key points covered in this class are: The GTAG will be used by all DoD personnel (military or civilian) to pay for all costs related to official Government travel. ; There are laws and policies that govern travel cards, such as eligibility, mandatory use, and the requirement for split-disbursement. Using a GTAG offers many benefits. A travel card is an efficient tool for conducting official travel and enhances financial readiness. There are two types of travel cards : standard and restricted.

How does discrimination affect people with mental illness?

People with mental health problems experience many different types of stigma. This article explores the attitudes and beliefs of the general public towards people with mental illness, and the lived experiences and feelings of service users and their relatives. Keywords: Mental health/Mental illness/Stigma/DiscriminationThis article has been double-blind peer reviewed5 key points 1. Stigma can affect many aspects of people’s lives 2. Self-stigma is the process in which people turn stereotypes towards themselves 3. How the general public perceive people with mental health problems depends on their diagnosis 4. Stigma can be a barrier to seeking early treatment, cause relapse and hinder recovery 5. Future research should investigate the experiences of service users and their families to understand and measure the impact of stigmaStigma can pervade the lives of people with mental health problems in many different ways. According to Corrigan (2004), it â€Å"diminishes self-esteem and robs people of social opportunities†. This can include being denied opportunities such as employment or accommodation because of their illness. Stigma in the form of social distancing has been observed when people are unwilling to associate with a person with mental illness. This might include not allowing the person to provide childcare, or declining the offer of a date (Corrigan et al, 2001).Self-discrimination or internalised discrimination is the process in which people with mental health problems turn the stereotypes about mental illness adopted by the public, towards themselves. They assume they will be rejected socially and so believe they are not valued (Livingston and Boyd, 2010).Being discriminated against has a huge impact on self-esteem and confidence. This can increase isolation from society and reinforce feelings of exclusion  and social withdrawal. The Queensland Alliance for Mental Health (2010) observed that people with mental health problems are  "frequently the object of ridicule or derision and are depicted within the media as being violent, impulsive and incompetent†. It also found that the myth surrounding violence has not been dispelled, despite evidence to the contrary.In light of this, the Department of Health (2004) funded a programme called Shift, which aimed to reduce the discrimination that those with mental ill health face. The DH (undated) found that â€Å"many people with mental health problems say that the biggest barrier to getting back on their feet is not the symptoms of illness, but the attitudes of other people†.Reviewing the literatureEBSCO was used to access the CINAHL, BNI and MEDLINE databases to search for available literature with the keywords â€Å"discrimination† and â€Å"mental† in article titles. This produced a total of 428 articles. The search was then limited to narrow down the number of results. Limits were applied as follows: Publication date was set between Janu ary 2000 and December 2010; Original research studies and journal articles were specified; The age range was limited to over 17 years old.The refined search resulted in 155 articles.In order to assess which articles were relevant, further inclusion and exclusion criteria were set. For example, articles that included the general public’s perception and attitudes towards mental health were included, and only primary research articles were used. Twelve articles matched the criteria.FindingsThe literature reviewed suggested that the way in which the general public perceive people with mental health problems depends on their diagnosis. Those with schizophrenia are seen as dangerous and unpredictable (Crisp et al, 2000).People with alcohol and drug addictions are not only seen as dangerous, but the public also blame them for their addiction (Crisp et al, 2005). There still seems to be a general consensus that anyone with mental  illness is unreliable, especially in terms of looki ng after children. Many believe having a mental illness reduces intelligence and the ability to make decisions (Angermeyer and Matschinger, 2005).Discrimination and stimga have been linked to ignorance and studies show the majority of the public have limited knowledge of mental illness, and the knowledge they do have is often factually incorrect. Many still believe schizophrenia means having a split personality. In addition, many do not understand the difference between mental illness and learning disabilities and there is still a common misconception that those with depression can â€Å"snap out of it† (Thornicroft, 2006).Depression and anxiety disorders do not have the same weight attached to them as psychotic illnesses but they are nonetheless stigmatised. People with depression are often seen as lazy and hard to talk to (Thornicroft, 2006). Public opinions seem to be held across the board, with no significant differences in relation to gender, education level and income. However, there were differences between age groups, with those in their teens or early 20s and those over 50 expressing the most negative attitudes (Alonso et al, 2009; Crisp et al, 2005).Crisp et al (2005) noted those in the 16-19-year age range had the most negative attitudes towards people with mental illness, particularly towards those with alcohol and drug addiction. These results are surprising considering widespread reports of young people’s alcohol and drug use. These findings reflect a â€Å"them† and â€Å"us† type of thinking and suggest that many of those who use alcohol and drugs do not consider the possibility that they could become addicted themselves.There were some indications that public opinion had become more positive, suggesting greater tolerance and understanding towards mental illness than in previous years (Angermeyer and Matschinger, 2005). However, these findings should be interpreted with caution; the DH (2001) found huge discrepancies between the views the public expressed in surveys and the actual behaviour as experienced or witnessed by service users and service providers.The mediaThe media have often been accused of sensationalism by portraying mental illness inaccurately in their quest to gain higher ratings. However, the media can also play an important role in reaching out to many different audiences to promote mental health literacy. Celebrities such as Stephen Fry (diagnosed with bipolar disorder) have spoken publicly about their illness and this seems to be effective in reducing stigma (Blenkiron, 2009). Chan and Sireling (2010) described a new phenomenon in which patients are presenting to psychiatrists claiming to have and seeking a diagnosis of bipolar disorder.However, the lived experiences of mental health service users tell a different story to the findings on public attitudes. In the articles reviewed service users said they experienced stigmatising attitudes and behaviours in many aspects of the ir lives. Common themes emerged across the articles. Many people felt stigmatised as soon as they were diagnosed with a mental illness, and attributed this to the way in which their illness had been portrayed in the media (Dinos et al, 2004). Receiving a stigmatising label has such a negative effect on people that the Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology – at the demand of the patients’ families group – changed the name of schizophrenia from â€Å"mind-split-disease† to â€Å"integration disorder† (Sato, 2006).EmploymentMany people with mental health problems experienced discrimination when applying for jobs. This included trying to explain gaps in their CV due to episodes of mental ill health. They not only experienced stigma when applying for jobs, but also found that when returning to work colleagues treated them differently, with some experiencing bullying, ridicule and demotion. Service users also faced the dilemma of whether to disclo se their illness to friends, family, colleagues or future employers. Many felt they could tell their partner or parents about having a mental illness and still feel supported, but only 12% felt able to tell colleagues (Bos et al, 2009).Social stigmaService users reported social discrimination in the community, giving accounts of being physically and verbally attacked by strangers and neighbours, their property being vandalised, or being barred from shops and pubs; those with addictions or psychotic illness tended to experience this more than those with non-psychotic illness. Reports also included examples of being spoken to as if they were stupid or like children, being patronising and, in some instances, having questions addressed to those accompanying them rather than service users themselves (Lyons et al, 2009). Dinos et al (2004) found service users felt a range of emotions surrounding their experiences of discrimination, including anger, depression, fear, anxiety, isolation, gu ilt, embarrassment and, above all, hurt.Health and relationshipsService users also encountered discrimination when accessing services such as GPs. They reported professionals as being dismissive or assuming that physical presentations were â€Å"all in the mind† (Lyons et al, 2009). This can result in reluctance to return for further visits, which can have a detrimental effect on physical health. This is especially significant, as evidence suggests people with mental illness are at greater risk from physical health problems, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity and respiratory disease; they also have a higher risk of premature death (Social Exclusion Unit, 2004).Developing mental illness can also lead to breakdowns in relationships with partners, family and friends. The SEU (2004) reported that a quarter of children had been teased or bullied because of their parents’ mental health problems. Evidence shows rates of comorbidity of drug and alcohol use and psychiatric problems are believed to be rising (SEU, 2004).Implications for nursingStigma can affect many aspects of people’s lives. Even a brief episode of mental illness can have far-reaching effects on wellbeing, disrupting work, families, relationships and social interactions, impacting on the health and wellbeing not just of patients, but also of their families and friends. This can lead to further psychiatric problems such as anxiety and depression.Stigma can be a barrier to seeking early treatment; often people will not seek professional help until their symptoms have become serious. Others disengage from services or therapeutic interventions or stop taking medication, all of which can cause relapse and hinder recovery.If mental illness is treated early enough, it can reduce further ill health, and ultimately the risk of suicide. By intervening at the earliest possible opportunity, people may be able to avoid a full episode of mental ill heath, and retain their jobs, relationships or social standing.The International Council of Nurses (2008) said nurses are fundamental in helping with the â€Å"promotion, prevention, care, treatment and rehabilitation of people living with mental health problems and support of their families and communities†. It is therefore imperative to reduce the stigma surrounding mental health and stop these factors impinging on people’s mental wellbeing.The National Service Framework for Mental Health incorporated standards services must follow to provide consistent quality of care (DH, 1999). These included guidance on â€Å"social inclusion, health promotion, tackling stigma and the promotion of opportunities for a normal pattern of daily life†. The DH (2001) concluded that â€Å"everyone has mental health needs, whether or not they have a diagnosis of mental illness†. Box 1 features recommendations of ways to help reduce the stigma experienced by mental health service users.RecommendationsAs the media can play an important role in reaching out to many people, it is important to work with and educate them to ensure the portrayal of mental illness is factual, impartial and reliable As those aged under 19 years had particularly negative opinions towards all mental illness, attempts should be made to educate this age group about the issue, particularly on the dangers and effects of substance misuse and addiction In order to plan future services and shape policies further research must be undertaken with people who have direct experience of mental illness to gain more understanding of the impact stigma has on their livesConclusionThe literature confirms the public hold negative beliefs about those with mental health problems. Despite national campaigns, there has not been a significant change in the way the public perceive mental illness. While much research has been carried out to explore the public’s perception of mental illness, future research should explore the e xperiences of service users and their families, carers or people close to them to understand and measure the impact that stigma has on their lives. This, in turn, could help to shape interventions and policies for improved legislation to help stop the discrimination faced by those with mental illness.References:Alonso J et al (2009) Perceived stigma among individuals with common mental disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders; 118: 180-186. Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H (2005) The stigma of mental illness in Germany: A trend analysis. International Journal of Social Psychiatry; 51: 276-284. Blenkiron P (2009) Psychiatry in the Media. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists. Bos AE et al (2009) Mental illness stigma and disclosure: consequences of coming out of the closet. Issues in Mental Health Nursing; 30: 509-513. Chan D, Sireling L (2010) ‘I want to be bipolar’ †¦a new phenomenon. The Psychiatrist; 34: 103-105. Corrigan P (2004) How stigma interferes with mental health care. The American Psychologist; 59: 7, 614-625. Corrigan P et al (2001) Prejudice, social distance, and familiarity with mental illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin; 27: 219-226. Crisp AH et al (2005) Stigmatization of people with mental illnesses: a follow-up study within the Changing Minds campaign of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. World Psychiatry; 4: 106-113. Crisp AH et al (2000) Stigmatisation of people with mental illnesses. The British Journal of Psychiatry; 177: 4-7. Department of Health (undated) Stigma.

Essay on glengarry and good faith part 2

Essay on glengarry and good faith part 2 Essay on glengarry and good faith part 2 Essay on glengarry and good faith part 2Essay on glengarry and good faith part  1Just like the case of Marcus, they do not think of consequences of their criminal actions. They do not care about the company which they can ruin by such crime. What they do care is their personal well-being, wealth and success.However, the film makes the audience think of true motives which drive people to launch the pursuit of wealth. Moss is apparently ready to steal shares to become wealthy, while Levene has a different motivation since he wants to save his daughter and commits the crime as the way to earn money for the treatment of his daughter. In this regard, the action of Levene does not look absolutely immoral, even though it is definitely a crime from the legal standpoint. However, the motive of Levene is justifiable from the ethical standpoint since the salvation of his daughter was a reasonable pretext for committing the crime.Moreover, Levene turns out to be forcefully involved into the cr ime by Ross, who schemed the crime and elaborated the plan. More important, it was Ross, who forced Levene to commit the crime. In such a situation, the ending of the film gives implications that business is very complicated and no one can foresee what can happen next. For instance, Levene has got the offer from Roma to become his business partner, but as Levene has committed the crime he will definitely lose its opportunity. Such ending is probably the attempt of the director of the film to show that any crime leads to the punishment of the offender. However, such ending also gives implications to the injustice and evil nature of business. To put it more precisely, the main character, Levene is apparently ready to do everything to succeed but business turns out to be too cruel for him and he cannot find the right way to success.At the same time, the film shows that people are pursuing wealth as the main purpose of their life since wealth brings everything. For instance, Ross and ot her salesmen are looking for any opportunity to become wealthier than they are at the moment. Even Levene views the wealth as the way to save his daughter suffering from a serious illness. In other words, the wealth is the main purpose of their life because they believe they can buy everything they want, if they have money.However, such worldview contradicts to many ethical theories, which tend to prioritize the morality over material benefits. In this regard, the film as well as the book shows the loss of spirituality. Joe, who grew up in a very religious family, where parents discussed salvation every day along with the price of tomatoes (Smiley, 59), cannot find his way to success because his spirituality and moral values raise unsurpassable barriers on his way to the successful business development because business has nothing to do with morality, ethics and spirituality. Similarly, the film depicts the main characters, who are absolutely deprived of spirituality. They have no m oral values and norms that will guide them throughout their lives. Instead, they focus on ripping off all the money they can, even if they deceive or even steal money from other people.The total loss of spirituality becomes the mainstream trend in the contemporary society and the book and film uncover this trend to the full extent. In such a way, they show that people become enslaved by their desire to become wealthy, whereas the wealth itself is worth nothing. At any rate, the main characters of the book and film view their business as the main point of their life, while there are issues which they cannot buy. For instance, the daughter of Levene is ill and he cannot buy health for his daughter. The problem is not the shortage of money but the problem is the lack of health and related problems his daughter has. However, he believes sincerely that money can solve all his problems.Furthermore, characters of the film and book have no other priorities in their life but their business. Even Joe, who grew up in the religious family, has lost his spirituality and he views believes of his parents ironically and he feels contempt to those beliefs of his parents. At the same time, his spirituality is probably not totally lost as is the case of Marcus because he is not ready to deceive his business partners so far.At the same time, it is worth mentioning the fact that the film and book uncover the degradation of morals of the contemporary society, where everything is for sale. The business brings people money but leads to the moral degradation. For instance, Marcus brings considerable changes to the community since he is the first person, who is absolutely free of any morals norms and values and he is ready to commit any act, including crime, if it makes him richer. Remarkably, community members learn fast to ignore any moral norms and values. The community steadily slips to adultery, disrespect to each other, offenses and the total loss of spirituality. Marcus changes the worldview of people in the community making them believe that they can make money from everything.The similar trend can be traced in the film, where the main characters are degenerates, who view deception as a norm and, more important, they have made deception, scheming and abuse of moral norms an integral part of their life. They are just like Marcus ready to commit any crime, if it makes them richer. As a result, they eventually do commit the crime just like Marcus. In such a context, it is possible to trace the clear ties between crimes and desire of people to become wealthy. In their ultimate manifestations, those efforts to become wealthy end up in either the crime or disaster. Since offenders depicted in the film and the movie steal money from their business partners, while their business partners suffer from financial losses and face a risk of bankruptcy. In such a situation, the film gives a hop that the crime will be investigated and offenders will be punished but the d irector leaves the denouement in suspense intentionally to make the audience think whether there will be any punishment at all or, probably, the criminals will use one of their immoral schemes to avoid the punishment. For instance, Levene has already tried to bribe Williamson twice. Therefore, he probably can try bribing the authorities to avoid the just punishment for his crime.In such a way, people turn out to be slaves of money and wealth but the main characters depicted in the book and film are apparently unhappy. The film and book show that the wealth does not make people happier. On the contrary, their anxiety grows stronger the richer they become. The main problem of the main characters of the book and the film is the deep-rooted belief that money can buy everything but this idea is intrinsically wrong and violates basic ethical norms. The pursuit of wealth dehumanizes people and they violate basic ethical norms. They fail to understand that there are things that are much mor e important than money, like health, family, happiness and others.Furthermore, the main characters of the book and film are conformists since they try to adapt to circumstances instead of changing them. They are looking for the easiest to resolve their problem, as was the case of Levene, who tried to talk to Williamson to persuade him not to fire him. Also Marcus prefers to steal money, when he has them at hand and when he sees the option to take the money and get away fast remaining unpunished for his crime. In such a way, the main characters of the book and film do not even think of changing their life or their environment. For instance, real estate salesmen in Glengarry Glen Ross do not even try to change their performance. Instead, they look for other options to stay in the company or in business. For instance, even Roma, who holds the leading position in the team, prefers to launch a new business to stay in business rather than trying to dissuade Williamson from changing the po licy of the company. The salesmen are not ready to change the way they work and they will apparently keep deceiving their customers to earn more money.Thus, the film Glengarry Glen Ross and the book Good Faith depict the moral degradation of the main characters under the impact of the dominant culture oriented on the pursuit of wealth. The film and book reveal the destructive impact of the pursuit of wealth on the morality of people. In fact, business has the dehumanizing effect on the main characters since the most successful characters are the least moral ones.

General Jimmy Doolittle - World War II

General Jimmy Doolittle - World War II Jimmy Doolittle - Early Life: Born on December 14, 1896, James Harold Doolittle was the son of Frank and Rose Doolittle of Alameda, CA. Spending part of his youth in Nome, AK, Doolittle quickly developed a reputation as boxer and became the amateur flyweight champion of the West Coast. Attending Los Angeles City College, he transferred to the University of California-Berkeley in 1916. With the US entry into World War I, Doolittle left school and enlisted in the Signal Corps reserve as a flying cadet in October 1917. While training at the School of Military Aeronautics and Rockwell Field, Doolittle married Josephine Daniels on December 24. Jimmy Doolittle - World War I: Commissioned a second lieutenant on March 11, 1918, Doolittle was assigned to Camp John Dick Aviation Concentration Camp, TX as a flying instructor. He served in this role at various airfields for the duration of the conflict. While posted to Kelly Field and Eagle Pass, TX, Doolittle flew patrols along the Mexican border in support of Border Patrol operations. With the wars conclusion later that year, Doolittle was selected for retention and given a Regular Army commission. After being promoted to first lieutenant in July 1920, he attended the Air Service Mechanical School and Aeronautical Engineering Course. Jimmy Doolittle - Interwar Years: After completing these courses, Doolittle was permitted to return to Berkeley to complete his undergraduate degree. He achieved national fame in September 1922, when he flew a de Havilland DH-4, equipped with early navigational instruments, across the United States from Florida to California. For this feat, he was given the Distinguished Flying Cross. Assigned to McCook Field, OH as a test pilot and aeronautical engineer, Doolittle entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1923, to begin work on his masters degree. Given two years by the US Army to complete his degree, Doolittle began conducting aircraft acceleration tests at McCook. These provided the basis for his masters thesis and earned him a second Distinguished Flying Cross. Finishing his degree a year early, he commenced work towards his doctorate which he received in 1925. That same year he won the Schneider Cup race, for which he received the 1926 Mackay Trophy. Though injured during a demonstration tour in 1926, Doolittle remained on the leading edge of aviation innovation. Working from McCook and Mitchell Fields, he pioneered instrument flying and assisted in developing the artificial horizon and directional gyroscope that are standard in modern aircraft. Utilizing these tools, he became the first pilot to take off, fly, and land using only instruments in 1929. For this feat of blind flying, he later won the Harmon Trophy. Moving to the private sector in 1930, Doolittle resigned his regular commission and accepted one as a major in the reserves upon becoming the head of Shell Oils Aviation Department. While working at Shell, Doolittle aided in developing new higher-octane aircraft fuels and continued his racing career. After winning the Bendix Trophy Race in 1931, and the Thompson Trophy Race in 1932, Doolittle announced his retirement from racing, stating, I have yet to hear anyone engaged in this work dying of old age. Tapped to serve on the Baker Board to analyze the reorganization of the air corps, Doolittle returned to active service on July 1, 1940, and was assigned to the Central Air Corps Procurement District where he consulted with auto makers about transitioning their plants to build aircraft. Jimmy Doolittle - World War II: Following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor and the US entry into World War II, Doolittle was promoted to lieutenant colonel and transferred to Headquarters Army Air Force to aid in planning an attack against the Japanese home islands. Volunteering to lead the raid, Doolittle planned to fly sixteen B-25 Mitchell medium bombers off the deck the aircraft carrier USS Hornet, bomb targets in Japan, then fly through to bases in China. Approved by General Henry Arnold, Doolittle relentlessly trained his volunteer crews in Florida before embarking aboard Hornet. Sailing under a veil of secrecy, Hornets task force was spotted by Japanese picket on April 18, 1942. Though 170 miles short of their intended launch point, Doolittle decided to immediately commence the operation. Taking off, the raiders successfully hit their targets and proceeded on to China where most were forced to bail out short of their intended landing sites. Though the raid inflicted little material damage, it provided a massive boost to Allied morale and forced the Japanese to redeploy their forces to protect the home islands. For leading the strike, Doolittle received the Congressional Medal of Honor. Directly promoted to brigadier general the day after the raid, Doolittle was briefly assigned to the Eighth Air Force in Europe that July, before being posted to the Twelfth Air Force in North Africa. Promoted again in November (to major general), Doolittle was given command of the Northwest African Strategic Air Forces in March 1943, which consisted of both American and British units. A rising star in the US Army Air Forces high command, Doolittle briefly led the Fifteenth Air Force, before taking over the Eighth Air Force in England. Assuming command of the Eighth, with the rank of lieutenant general, in January 1944, Doolittle oversaw its operations against the Luftwaffe in northern Europe. Among the notable changes he made was allowing escorting fighters to leave their bomber formations to attack German airfields. This aided in preventing German fighters from launching as well as assisted in allowing the Allies to gain air superiority. Doolittle led the Eighth until September 1945, and was in the process of planning for its redeployment to the Pacific Theater of Operations when the war ended. Jimmy Doolittle - Postwar: With the postwar reduction of forces, Doolittle reverted to reserve status on May 10, 1946. Returning to Shell Oil, he accepted a position as a vice president and director. In his reserve role, he served as a special assistant to the Air Force chief of staff and advised on technical issues which ultimately led to the US space program and the Air Forces ballistic missile program. Retiring completely from the military in 1959, he later served as chairman of the board of Space Technology Laboratories. A final honor was bestowed upon Doolittle on April 4, 1985, when he was promoted to general on the retired list by President Ronald Reagan. Doolittle died September 27, 1993, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Selected Sources Doolittle Raiders: First Joint ActionCalifornia State Military Museum: General Jimmy Doolittle

Red White and Blue Shooter Recipe

Red White and Blue Shooter Recipe Heres a recipe for a density column thats a layered cocktail. Its perfect for the 4th of July or Memorial Day or pretty much any holiday with a red, white and blue theme. Red White and Blue Shooter Ingredients Bottom Red Layer: Chambord or Framboise (or Grenadine)Middle White Layer: Irish Cream or Half and Half or any cream liqueurTop Blue Layer: Blue Curacao (or you could dye vodka or rum with blue food coloring) You may also want to add a float of Goldschlager to get a golden gilttery firework effect. Layer the Red White Blue Shooter Fill a shot glass about a third of the way full of the red drink.Place a spoon, back side up, just above the top of the red liquid. Slowly pour the half-and-half over the back of the spoon. This will layer it over the red with minimal mixing.Use a clean spoon to repeat the process to layer the blue liquid over the white. Add some Goldschlager if you wish. I (of course) would also set this drink on fire, but thats just me. To ignite the drink, add a small amount of high proof alcohol to the top. Everclear or 151 rum are good choices. Enjoy your alcoholic density column!

Dry-Dock Investment and Comparison of Europe and Turkey Dissertation

Dry-Dock Investment and Comparison of Europe and Turkey - Dissertation Example .†¦...10 1.3Research Questions †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....12 1.4 Objectives..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....13 2.0 Literature Review †¦.........................................................................................14 3.0ResearchMethodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............20 3.1 Overview of Methodology.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....20 3.2 Procedure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......†¦.............................22 4.0 Presentation of Results †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......†¦.............23 5.0Discussion...........................................................................................................29 6.0Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..34 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦37 Appendices †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....†¦.43 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background It is essential to understand that this research will carry out a comparative analysis of the dry-dock investments in both Europe and Turkey. More significantly, this research deliberates more on the services offered by maritime companies in the shipping sector including provision of dry-dock facilities. As a result, this research will focus also on several factor that companies consider before investing as the research seeks further to evaluate the reason behind variations in investments in both Turkey...This research will carry out a comparative analysis of the dry-dock investments in both Europe and Turkey. More significantly, this research deliberates more on the services offered by maritime companies in the shipping sector including provision of dry-dock facilities. As a result, this research will focus also on several factor that companies consider before investing as the research seeks further to evaluate t he reason behind variations in investments in both Turkey and Europe dry-docking markets. More than that, this research aims to investigate the growth in the maritime industry taking into consideration the increased demand for maritime sea transport as cargo transportation has become more convenient as compared to the other forms of transport including rail, air and road. With the changes in the increasingly competitive maritime sea transport market, because of its accessibility in water, it is essential to take into consideration the several factors that affect dry dock investments in the current market. More so, the demand change for shipping facility has been faced by a drastic increase in the sea transport. More significantly, the main aim of this research based on maritime investments, is to carry out a critical analysis of the level in which Europe and Turkey have invested in dry-dock facilities. More than that, this research also carries out an analysis on dry-dock investment through a thorough comparison between dry-dock business in Europe and Turkey. More so, investment in the port sector remains traditionally viewed as investment by the public sector.

The Contract Law of Australia Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Contract Law of Australia - Article Example In the meantime, a typhoon hit Hong Kong during those two days and many of the boxes of porcelain vases got wet and after arriving of MV Bardon in Brisbane Aussie Dcor, only 2500 out of 3000 boxes with vases inside were delivered and 100 of these were in very bad condition and not suitable for sale. But other 500 porcelain vases were not delivered by the Porcelain Vases Company of Hong Kong. For the delivery of only 2500 out of 3000 porcelain vases is the violation of the contract, in this matter, the Aussie Dcor will get remedy under Article 51 of the Convention of the International Sale of Goods (CISG). Article 51 says that if the seller delivers only a part of the goods or if only a part of the goods delivered is in conformity with the contract, articles 46 to 50 of the Convention apply in respect of the part which is missing or which does not conform. Since the Porcelain Vases Company of Hong Kong did not fulfill all part of the contract for non-delivery of the 500 porcelain vase s, the Aussie Dcor may declare the contract voided under Article 49 of the CISG. The Aussie Dcor Company will notify the Porcelain Vases Company of Hong Kong about the part delivery of porcelain vases. The Aussie Dcor Company loses the right to rely on the provisions of article 41 or article 42 if Aussie Dcor does not give notice to the seller specifying the nature of the right or claim of the third party within a reasonable time after he has become aware or ought to have become aware of the right or claim.1 So, the delivery of the 3000 porcelain vases do not conform with the contract and the price has already been paid, the Aussie Dcor Company may reduce the price of 500 porcelain vases equal to 10000 Australian Dollar. Would the use of an alternative Incoterm affect the outcome and if so, how The INCOTERMS 2000 bears for the trade contract responsibilities and liabilities between buyer and seller. It is invaluable and a cost-saving tool. The exporter and the importer need not undergo a lengthy negotiation about the conditions of each transaction.

Histroy 201 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Histroy 201 - Essay Example There had been numerous deliberations out of the Convention, among which the final document was derived after a lot of discussions and grueling debates. Pinckney Plan The Pinckney plan was a plan of government introduced by South Carolina’s Charles Pinckney on May 29, 1787, the same day on which Randolph initiated the Virginia Plan. As Vile (580) states, Pinckney had not maintained it on any writing and the only evidence was the Madison’s notes which were not very reliable. It was all about a treaty among the 13 states. His idea was to hold a house having a member for thousand inhabitants and to elect a Senator for four years and also elect cabinet members. He also suggested for a Federal Judicial Court. Pinckney’s plan was not opposed but left for the decision of the Committee of Detail. Virginia Plan The Virginia plan was actually formulated even before the convention by the delegates from Virginia, on their meeting to discuss on the Madison’s thoughts, notes, and works. Edmund Randolph, the governor of Virginia presented the plan on May 29, 1787, which was also called the Large State Plan. The plans suggested for the establishment of houses of legislature proportionally, making it a ‘controlling bicameral administration’ (Vile, 428). The plan proposed that the upper class would be elected by the lower and the lower would be elected by the people. It also suggested for a judiciary. New Jersey Plan William Paterson, a delegate of the New Jersey proposed the New Jersey Plan, asking for an adjournment to contemplate the Virginia plan. The suggestion to make the legislature houses in proportion would limit the authority of smaller states. Therefore the smaller sates discussed to respond to the Virginian Plan and brought forward the New Jersey Plan, also known as Small State Plan. This plan was entirely against the Virginia Plan, and asked to fix the problems of Articles of Confederation by amendment. According to Vile (583 ), The New Jersey Plan stood for the Congress to be given more powers and to sustain the existing Continental Congress. The plan created an executive branch for a single term and a judiciary for life, appointed by the executives. Finally, any law implemented by Congress would proceed over the state laws. However at the presentation of the plan, it was rejected. Hamilton’s Plan On the dissatisfaction of the previous plans, the Hamilton Plan otherwise called the British Plan was introduced by Alexander Hamilton, having similarity with the powerful centralized British government. Hamilton came up with the idea of abolish state control and merge the state into a single nation. His plan suggested for the bicameral legislature, the lower house elected for three years by the public and the upper class elected for life bye the lower class. The national governing body enjoys the â€Å"veto power over any state administration†; it also proposed a Governor being elected by the el ectors and holds the office for a life-term service (Vile, 583). Slavery and Connecticut Compromise The most debated issue among the delegates was slavery. The regulation of slavery was a question of controversy between the South and North, as 40 percent of the population of South was slaves.

Difficulties faced by residents of 'red light' districts in the UK Essay

Difficulties faced by residents of 'red light' districts in the UK - Essay Example Based on the statistics provided by the Metropolitan Police in London there are around nine boroughs in which prostitution on the streets occurs which actually causes problems to the local residents. In addition to this the Metropolitan Police Service did expose that there are almost certainly 800 saunas, massage parlors and escort representations in London in which almost 5,000+ women work and provide sex services.2 These women have actually been forced or victimized into prostitution.3 Actually street prostitution and connected drug activity can induce real agony for local residents. Of late politicians and police commandants are made more responsible to residents by the local CDRPs (Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships). Prostitution has now turned out to be a foremost trouble in the UK as individuals at a very young age involve themselves in the profession. This profession not only affects the individual involved but their family, children and the local residents are also af fected. Legalizing this profession would not be advantageous since the individuals who are involved will find it very hard to come out of the profession. Apart from this legalizing would also make it a tolerable alternative of occupation. The result is that the dark side of this occupation that is – abuse, coercion, lack of choice – is cloaked under a layer of decency, a facade which those profiting from high benefits persistently uphold. Nearly 81% of women who work in brothels in the UK have come from overseas4; and most of them must have been trafficked. Present UK statute law has nothing to say about off-street prostitution. The present law submissively and unconcernedly approves this view of the trade. Provided that the law does not censure the misuse of prostitution there will always be a requirement for women to prostitute and when this demand is not met by the women who have previously been cajoled into prostituting themselves, coercion or forcing others into t his trade by the powerful will not stop. UN Special Reporter for Human Trafficking Sigma Huda pointed out in a latest report: â€Å"It is not necessary for demand itself to lead to trafficking; rather, it is sufficient that the exploitation fostered by the demand leads to trafficking†¦ The demand side of trafficking is not, therefore, properly understood as the demand for a trafficking victim’s prostitution, labour or services. Rather, demand must be understood expansively, as any act that fosters any form of exploitation that, in turn, leads to trafficking.†5 What is a brothel? Prostitution cannot be termed as illegal at a brothel provided the sex worker does not manage or even run the brothel. When a woman uses her house alone for prostitution, is not a brothel. This was established in (Gorman v Standen6, Palace Clarke v Standen7). On the other hand, where rooms or flats in a single building are leased independently to different individuals who provide sexual se rvices; it may be dealt as a brothel but only if they are in actual fact working jointly. In Donovan v Gavin8 it was demonstrated that the leasing of single rooms in a house under freestanding occupancies and to different prostitutes does not inevitably rule out the house, or portions of it, from being a house of prostitution. Communities & Street Prostitution Street prostitution changes

Case_2_-_Al_Dar-done-X Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case_2_-_Al_Dar-done-X - Case Study Example For example, the company’s revenue for the year ended December 31, 2009 was AED 1,979.3 million compared to AED 4,978.3 million for the previous year (year 2008). That was a decrease of about 60.2%. In addition, the profit for that year was AED 1,006.9 million compared to AED 3,446.7 million in the previous year. Second, the reduction in the company’s profitability levels minimized its ability to handle debt obligations promptly. In addition, the property crash had left the market with just a few private players with the capacity to and the will to buy the assets. Therefore, the mentioned reasons landed the company in liquidity deficit situation, thus, the inability to handle the debt. Third, the cost reduction strategy of the company involving the layoff of 105 employees sparked worries among the employees. Most of them were unsure of their job security in the business thus, the genesis of the reduction in morale. The UAE’s real estate industry is deeply affected by the global debt crisis. The foreign investors reduced the level of investment in the property. The residents’ purchasing power was also reduced by the inflation effect. For that reason, the demand for housing products is low leading to a reduction in rental prices. The following economic factors have affected the company’s performance: first, the unification of the individual states to form the Union, which prompted widespread infrastructural development, which boosted the company’s performance. Second, the oil boom in the 1970s up to 1990s provided the capital necessary for economic growth and development, which increased the company’s performance. Last, the 2007-2010 credit crunch led to a reduction in the enterprise’s performance. Yes, the economy, the industry, and the company were shaken. Since the demand for real estate products and the level of foreign investments reduced, the profitability of the industry declined. The

Managing in a mixed economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing in a mixed economy - Essay Example This study deals with Private-Public Partnership (PPP) agreement between London Underground and Mertronet. The purpose of the PPP agreement was to acquire funds from the private sector. This paper begins with the background of London Underground and Metronet. Historical facts are also provided to understand the reason for selection of PPP as a means of financing. It also contains literature survey of the problems of London Underground and Metronet also the National Audit Office Report is presented. The paper has been concluded with a few causes and reasons for the London Underground failure and liquidation of Metronet and is followed by the recommendation for the improvement of the PPP agreement. London Underground has started its operation in the mid-19th century with the help of private venture capital. The Metropolitan line between Farrington and Paddington was the first construction, built by Sub Surface Line (SSL), which was one of the first construction sectors of London Underg round (Wolmar, 2002). Due to absence of governing body and corporation, the entire sector started working independently. Therefore, the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) was formed in 1933 to control the road and underground transport. In 1948, it was undertaken by the British Commission. The five separate corporations including London Transport Board were restructured by British Commission. ... The tubes were disorganised, chaotic and systematically mismanaged since the early days. Hence, it was necessary to form a PPP. During the year 2002, due to inadequate investment and problem in managing public service and maintaining infrastructure, it was decided that maintenance and renewal of London Underground’s infrastructure would be undertaken through PPPs (Kellaway & Shanks, 2007). In PPP agreement, a contract has been signed for 30 years and the main purpose was to obtain funds from private sector. It was a partnership between two functions of business, i.e. finance and operation. Private sector is well-organised than public sector to complete a project in a cost-effective way. The renewal and maintenance of the tubes by public sector operations and private sector infrastructure were an arrangement that ensured the tubes would provide successful service more efficiently. The stations, train operations, signalling and safety was continued by the public sector, through London Underground Limited. The infrastructure companies such as Infraco BCV, Infraco JNP and Infraco SSL were formed for the purpose to manage station, trains, and signal and track infrastructure. Infra JNP was undertaken by Tube Line on 31st December 2002 and on 4th April 2003 other two companies were undertaken by Metronet. Metronet had invested ?17 billion amount for the PPP contract of 30 years (Finn & Et. Al., 2007). Metronet Rail Group is the group of Metronet Rail BCV Limited and Metronet Rail SSL Limited based in London, UK. Metronet Rail BCV Limited is involved in upgradation, replacement and maintenance of sub-surface deep tube lines that operates in the streets of London (Bloomberg

Case_2_-_Al_Dar-done-X Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case_2_-_Al_Dar-done-X - Case Study Example For example, the company’s revenue for the year ended December 31, 2009 was AED 1,979.3 million compared to AED 4,978.3 million for the previous year (year 2008). That was a decrease of about 60.2%. In addition, the profit for that year was AED 1,006.9 million compared to AED 3,446.7 million in the previous year. Second, the reduction in the company’s profitability levels minimized its ability to handle debt obligations promptly. In addition, the property crash had left the market with just a few private players with the capacity to and the will to buy the assets. Therefore, the mentioned reasons landed the company in liquidity deficit situation, thus, the inability to handle the debt. Third, the cost reduction strategy of the company involving the layoff of 105 employees sparked worries among the employees. Most of them were unsure of their job security in the business thus, the genesis of the reduction in morale. The UAE’s real estate industry is deeply affected by the global debt crisis. The foreign investors reduced the level of investment in the property. The residents’ purchasing power was also reduced by the inflation effect. For that reason, the demand for housing products is low leading to a reduction in rental prices. The following economic factors have affected the company’s performance: first, the unification of the individual states to form the Union, which prompted widespread infrastructural development, which boosted the company’s performance. Second, the oil boom in the 1970s up to 1990s provided the capital necessary for economic growth and development, which increased the company’s performance. Last, the 2007-2010 credit crunch led to a reduction in the enterprise’s performance. Yes, the economy, the industry, and the company were shaken. Since the demand for real estate products and the level of foreign investments reduced, the profitability of the industry declined. The

Series of Psychological Stories Essay Example for Free

Series of Psychological Stories Essay Case I. My Husband is a Mama’s Boy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Simon had been extremely dependent to his mother in everything that he does. He would always expect her mother to be the one who would remind him of his daily routine in the office. He would expect that his mother would prepare his briefs and socks. â€Å"Don’t be jealous to my mom Fe, its just that, I got used of having mom as the one preparing everything for me†, this is what he always reasoned to his wife. Simon, did not know how to budget his money, so instead of giving his salary to his wife, he prefer to give it to her mother because he was used to having his mother as his â€Å"money keeper†. Whenever problems between them arise, Simon prefers to ask the thoughts of his mother instead of resolving the conflict between them. This has getting on and on until their two years of marriage. At the moment, Fe has been planning to divorce with her husband for the reason that she seems to be the second wife and the mother the first wife. Discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I could say that Simon had a dependent personality disorder. This unusual dependence of a married man like him, to the mother, can be traced to the way Simon was raised. For a number of persons that I had encountered with similar problems, most of them were raised in an environment with over protectiveness. In an overly protective environment, the person’s self-confidence is low and thus, (s)he is made to think that (s)he is weak, vulnerable and can’t live strongly without his/her support groups. The root of the problem is the support group of Simon-his mother. To overcome his over dependency to his mother, the latter should help Simon make decisions of his own and to teach him the right ways to deal with problems alone and even without the help of others. The mother should make the following changes to Simon slowly but persistently. Simon must realized how decisions are needed everyday and how important it is for him to decide on his own. Case 2. Marion with the big â€Å"I† Stories   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marion has been my friend in high school. She had been a bubbly person; always seem conversational at a first meet. However, I had observed that she’s not conversational at all. When she talks, all her stories pertain to her; that she looks good in her new dress (even though her baby fats were bulging), that many boys were having a crush on her, that her teachers were all praising her. When you talk, she seems to care less, she did not really want to converse with you, rather, she wants you to listen to all the stories about herself stuffed with the â€Å"I† (I am the best speaker in our class, I had been to that place also, I am pretty, I have new dress, jewelries, etc.). Marion even during inappropriate time (like you are talking with somebody else) would butt in just to ask â€Å"do you noticed something is different with me today?† I had also remembered her of having loud voice; always talking of the latest movies that she had watched, talking how they share intimate moments with her boyfriend, etc. Discussion/ Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the case of Marion I have difficulty distinguishing what personality disorder she has. Finally, I am settled in saying that she has a narcissistic personality disorder due to the various symptoms that I had found in her. I had already mentioned above that she care less about what people say during their conversation, what matter to her is her stories to be heard. She had always overly emphasized her achievements, even the material things that she managed to acquire. Marion is very concern of grabbing one’s attention in school; it seems that when everybody hears her stories, everyone would admire her (http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/personality-disorders/DS00562/DSECTION=2). The best approach for this type of person is to tell her frankly that she’s a boring listener, that a conversation needs exchange of ideas. It would also help if she would be given comments in a constructive manner. The way she manipulates people is not good, she should be informed with this and be given alternatives to deal with her behavior positively, Case 3. Solitude is my Company   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The daughter of my cousin is a very sensitive person. She was already fifteen and yet, she is very shy and detached to other girls of her age. When her mother’s voice rises a bit when irritated, she can’t help but cry and feel that it’s all her fault why her mother was angry. She did not want to go out with other children because she felt, she was ugly and she would only become a mocking subject. She did not want to go near other children of her age because she’s afraid of being bullied. In class, her teacher reported that she’s always crying whenever she fails to remember a term during recitation. Whenever we have a family gathering, she would refuse to join the crowd and reasoned that she wants to sleep early. She’s not snob at people, she’s just extremely shy. Discussion/Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The daughter of my cousin is experiencing an avoidant personality disorder based on my observation. There is no concrete cause for her behavior except that her parents failed to pay attention to her. She has always been alone in their house more often. She was also not brought to parties more often, because most of the social gatherings that her parents attended were formal and not suite for children of her age. Her self confidence is very low due to the lack of affirmation from her significant others. This leads her to be very sensitive to criticism, because she has always wanted to boost her moral through her achievements yet she felt like the world conspire against her even at the very simple and constructive criticism. To avoid this, she had voluntarily isolated herself away from others to avoid rejection. The best way to deal with this problem is for the parents to spend a significant quality time with their daughter for them to explain to her the things that are new to her. The parents should teach their daughter the realities of life and the ways to deal it constructively. Maybe, the child should be taught to make friends to the neighbor first, then followed by an affirmative attitude towards her performance in school, etc. References Mayo Clinic. (2006). Mental Health. Personality Disorders. Retrieved December 3, 2007, from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/personality-disorders/DS00562/DSECTION=2

Analysis of using controlled slow cooling

Analysis of using controlled slow cooling To get the reproducible outcomes in biomedical research, genetic stability is essential and it is achieved via cryopreservation technique. Technique of cryopreservation involves the preservation of viable cells, living tissues, gametes, embryos, organs and also some organisms on cooling at low sub-zero temperatures, characteristically at -196Â °C for a prolonged time to implement the applications of these biological materials over biomedicine, conservation and animal reproduction (Mazur., 1970). Long time storage is achieved by using this technique (Pereira and Marques., 2008).The cryopreservation technique is carried out in two different ways: Vitrification and 2. Controlled slow cooling (Frederickson., 2000). To proceed with these two protocols, several steps need to be taken and also we must look its advantages and limitations. Alteration in temperature induces main two damages Freezing injury and chilling injury and these injuries are reduced greatly by using the cryoprotectant. Detailed analysis of these and its role in both vitrification and slow cooling techniques is described below (Fuller et al., 2004). TWO APPROACHES OF CRYOPRESERVATION: VITRIFICATION: Preservation of biological materials under hypothermic condition with devoid of freezing is called as vitrification (Rall, W. F. and Fahy., 1985). Vitrification induce glassy formation instead of formation of ice crystal, thus it is not causing essential damage to the living system (Fuller et al., 2004). SLOW COOLING: Preserving cells from room temperature upto the temperature of liquid nitrogen is called as slow cooling. Damage associated with this are reduced using cryoprotectant (Gao and Critse., 2004 and Guan et al., 2008). MAJOR DAMAGES ASSOCIATED WITH THIS TECHNIQUE: During cryopreservation, major injury that induces damage to the cell survival is: Freezing injury Chilling injury. (Gao and Critser., (2000). FREEZING INJURY: with the significant preservation at hypothermic temperature, water becomes solidify and it causes the cell damage, even to unviability. (Fuller et al., 2004). Freezing injury TZ p3 This diagram is reproduced from the material belongs to (Ashwood-Smith and Farrant., 1980). At high rate of freezing, ice nucleation provokes. Most cells has thermodynamic freezing point above -0.5Â °C. But the freezing of cell developed only after reaching 5Â °C. Unfrozen state of cell and its environment occurs due to the protective solutes super cooling and freezing point depression. External medium impulsively induce ice seeding formation between 5Â °C and 15Â °C, but composition of cell persist in a super cooled and unfrozen state. Extracellular solution remains in unfrozen fraction and that influences the ice formation in external medium. Concentration of solute in extracellular solution rises in respect to the decrease in temperature. So, ice formation developed and encourages probable imbalance between the cell and external solution. Water present inside the cell is in super cooled state than extracellular region; due to the potential imbalance, water migrates to extra cellular region and freezes. Entire event of cell relays over the cooling. Decrease in cool ing induces the dehydration of cell and the intracellular freezing is prohibited. Rapid cooling induces intracellular ice formation as a result of rapid decrease in extra cellular solution than the water diffusing out from the cell. Ice formation inside the cell is certainly lethal (Fuller et al., 2004). INTRACELLULAR ICE NUCLEATION: Homogenous nucleation, seeding by extracellular ice and heterogeneous nucleation are the possible ways IIF. When the rate of cooling decreases, electrolytes concentration on freezing relate to unfrozen section of water. It is classified into intra and extracellular electrolytes. CELL VOLUME DECREASE: Volume decrease whilst freezing induces injury to cells by minor tonicity solution. Decrease in cell volume whilst freezing concerns cell damage. DEHYDRATION THEORIES (Meryman): Inability of cell to shrink osmotically below perspective level whilst it tries to reaches osmotic equilibrium. This is called as minimum volume hypothesis over damage of slow-freezing. CHILLING INJURY: Different cell type reaches damage upon cooling around 0 Â °C without freezing, i.e without ice formation. Damage occurs irreversibly on chilling temperature. If this happens in sperm cells, it is termed as temperature shock. Direct and indirect chilling injuries are the major two categories of chilling injury. These injuries are expressed upon lower temperature and it is termed as cold shock. It depends over the rate of cooling. Indirect chilling injury occurs on exposure to reduced temperature for a prolonged time and it is independent of rate of cooling. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish cold shock and indirect chilling injury (Fuller et al., 2004). TZ p2 The above plot is reproduced from the material belongs to (Muldrew et al., 2004). COLD SHOCK: Cells become sensitive to cold shock as it rapidly cooled at low temperature for long time. Viability of cell and its severity of injury are relays over the rapid or slow cooling. Also this cold shock s not depends on warming rate but it depends on rate and duration of cooling (Tsai et al., 2009). Membrane permeability is injured upon rapid cooling and chance of reversibility is available for some cases. Addition of specific compounds and cell former cooling condition influences the response of cell. Thermotropic activity of lipid membrane is suspected to identify the injury due to cold shock. Lipid phase transitions of cell membrane influence the injury of cold shock in many species. INDIRECT CHILLING INJURY: Long exposure of biological materials at low temperature causes indirect chilling injury and this injury is cooling rate independent. Lipids and proteins are changed by means of its activity and structure. Eg: changes in enzyme activity and protein denaturation. Also the metabolic pathway and enzyme linked reactions face some alterations as the co-ordination is decreased according to the decrease in temperature rate (Fuller et al., 2004). ROLE OF CRYOPROTECTANT: Cryoprotectant enhances the dehydration process formerly formation of external ice. The activity of water is greatly reduced during the lack of water loss. By reducing the effect of salts, it acts as a protective influence on structure of the cell. Freezing protocol progression needs consistent method to detect the cell viability (Fuller et al., 2004). Cryopretectant may be a chemical additive that is added to the solution before freezing to ensure the high survival rate after post thawing. Role of cryoprotectant is to support and protect the survival of biological material upon cooling to hypothermic temperature for long duration of time. Property of an effective cryoprotectant is high solubility with decreased toxicity. Cryoprotectant can be classified according to chemical class and mode of action. Each categorized cryoprotectant plays a vital role upon thawing and cooling. Freezing point depression is promoted by permeating cryoprotectant due to the presence of electrolytes. Non-permeating cryoprotectant promotes decreased formation of ice crystal upon freezing by prior dehydration of biological material. Reduced deviation of volumes and solutes damage concentration is enhanced by the cryoprotectant. Eg: DMSO (Fuller et al., 2004). Cell protection is also achieved by fluctuating formation of ice crystal into harmless shape and size during thawing and freezing. It is necessary to look the toxicity of cryoprotectant over cells and its permeability. High concentration of cryoprotectant itself injured. Direct exposure of cryoprotectant with membranes and proteins induce ionic pumps disruption over trans membrane and also causes enzyme inactivation. But more amount of cryoprotectant in vitrification ensures viscous and amorphous medium. The possible approach to overcome this problem is achieved by using mixture of cryoprotectant at definite concentration (Tsai et al., 2008 and Fuller et al., 2004). SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCES OF VITRFICATION AND CONTROLLED SLOW COOLING: -ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTEGES: Effective vitrification demands enormous sample cooling and solute with high concentration with combination of cryoprotectant (Bielanski, and Lalonde., 2009). Successful vitrification was enhanced in 1985 to cryopreserve the mouse embryo and this technique is also effectively applied to preserve the blood cells, tissues, embryo and oocyte of Drosophila melanogaster, Asparagus officinalis plant as well as embryos of numerous mammalians. Cryopreservation of mammalian system report entails the success achieved through the technique of controlled freezing. However in the case of fruit fly, vitrification occupies a success where the controlled freezing failed. Efficient vitrification technique relays on an optimization of some specific steps that includes appropriate composition and concentration of provided vitrification solution with specific cooling/warming environments. Also this technique induces equilibration of living cells present and to dilute the cells present in the vitrification solution (Fuller et al., 2004). A series course of freezing and warming of bovine in-vitro matured, fertilized and cultured blastocysts using electron microscope (EM) grids (A-F) ( Reproduced from park et al., 1999) The use of slow cooling includes several ranges of rates of cooling when we compared vitrification with rapid and ultra rapid cooling. The ultimate goal of both techniques is to produce a glass like state of cells to prevent the damage caused by formation of ice crystal upon cooling (El-Danasouri, and Selman., 2005). At first, vitrification procedure involves lengthy pre-equilibrium procedure. Currently, combination of penetrating and non-penetrating solutes is used with non-toxic property with several ranges of cooling rates. Both the technique result in successful cryopreservation of embryos and oocytes of humans (Borini, and Coticchio., 2009). Even these procedures resulted good, slow cooling technique applied for cryopreservation of oocytes shows very less successive rates when compared to vitrification. Vitrification acts as a promising technique in many areas in reproductive technology, even though its positive rates need to establish further. Vitrification is an easy procedure and that consumes less time duration. Also this vitrification technique is safer and cheaper when compared to control slow cooling. ( Kuleshova, L.L. and Lopata, A., 2002). Cryopreservation of cell faces relative damage due to cooling and thawing. Mostly damage occurs whilst storing the cells at hypothermic conditions. Maintaining healthier cells for further use are very essential and we need to prevent it from genetic drift and contamination. To stop the biological action of the cell and to maintain that in its preserved state is the role of cryostorage. In fluid system, molecular motion is achieved via temperature (Fuller et al., 2004). The molecular motion get reduce according to the decrease in temperature. Biological species are designed to be viable and active at maximal temperature but it lost its activity at hypothermic condition. At that instance, lipid phase transition, structural and enzymatic damage and de-polymerization occurs (Kiefer et al., 2005). Major damaging phenomenon upon cooling are: Intracellular ice crystallisation and osmotic damage. Chilling sensitivity or cold shock leads the cell to death at the temperature below 0Â °C. These effects differ from one cell type to another. Bacteria and some viruses can sustain in 60 degree but the holding temperature for most of the biological sample is below -130Â °C (Fuller et al., 2004). Conventional cryopreservation method is established to overcome the formation of ice whilst cooling. Formation of ice crystals are avoided by vitrification via its usage of concentrated solution and rapid cooling. This vitrification method contains a potential advantage as it is rapid and this technique does not require rate cooling equipment. Vitrification results in good survival rate of preserved oocytes and embryos. Cryopreservation widely applicable to retain genetic resources and protect the endemic species (Tsai et al., 2010). Vitrification acts as an alternative method to slow cooling. This provides higher survival of pregnancy range and embryo viability. This vitrification acts as a suitable procedure in infertility clinics. In this, cryopreservation of numerous embryos is maintained within short period and thus it acts as a simple method. Still, less number of controlled studies and childbirths are concerned over vitrification technique. Multiple pregnancy risk associated w ith freezing using controlled slow cooling is restricted using vitrification. Also it works with high efficacy (Kuc et al., 2010 and Trounson and Mohr.,1983). Vitrification acts as an attractive cryopreservation method when compared with controlled slow cooling technique. In contrast to slow cooling method, this vitrification technique is precise and in this each and every step is visualized. Vitrification reduces the time duration of exposure to sub-physiological environments. It requires only less than 10 minutes carrying out while slow cooling takes nearly two hours. Vitrification is simpler and it does not need costly programmable freezing equipment. In some cases, chilling injury also prevented by vitrification (Fuller et al., 2004). Needle immersed vitrification requires less concentrated and minimum volume of vtrification solution. Maximize cooling rate, reduce toxicity of vitrification solution with low volume of less concentration cryopreservation. In vitrification, upon freezing, only numerous ice crystals are formed and so less mechanical disruption results by ice crystal (Wang et al., 2008). Vitrification technique is accompanied without the withdrawal of more amount of water. So, less chemical damage only exist. But the chemical damage due to cryoprotectant is a complicated matter. ( long). Common variation held between vitrification and controlled slow freezing is due to the numerous additions of cryoprotectants. Implementation of maximum equilibration condition and dilution are expected from the vitrification media. It is necessary to use low toxic agents in the vitrification solution. To achieve an efficient vitrification, formulation of 2 things over the vitrification technique are essential. 1. physicochemical properties : Concentrated vitrification solution induce glassy solid formation and it helps to devoid of crystallization whilst cooling. 2. cyoprotectant: using low toxic cryoprotectant with an intrinsic permeability. Vitrification protects the cell from ice formation while cryopreservation.Both the vitrification and slow cooling are used to preserve human oocytes (Fuller et al., 2004). In case of human ES cell cryopreservation, improved efficiency is noted in vitrification than in traditional cryopreservation (Zhou et al. 2004 and Peng-Fei et al., 2006). Analysis of colonies after vitrification yields rapid growth and differentiation when compared with slow freezing technique. Vitrification acts as a promising approach to cryopreserve the multi cellular tissue. Even, vitrification achieved certain merits; it is associated with several problems. In the state of vitrified, glass is susceptible to cracking. Care is essential on warming to neglect the formation of ice. Heat transfer rate occurring during vitrification process may vary depends on device.Vitrification include the rapid cooling protocol and it is difficult to maintain at certain temperature with the available equipment. Very rapid and even rewarming requires avoid of devitrification. During slow cooling, increase solute concentration to glass transition needs while prevent by cooling slow enough to allow the cells to dehydrate to protect intracellular supercooling (Youssry et al., 2008). Vitrification requires higher and potentially cytotoxic concentration of cryoprotective agents for one hour before its immersion into liquid nitrogen at specific temperature. To reduce its toxicity, pre equilibrium performed at 4Â °C. It allows the direct visualizaton of cell by the operator (El-Danasouri, and Selman., 2005) Eventhough this vitrification entails with meritful approaches, this technique still been experimental. Also, it requires more additives to reach and it is potentially cytotoxic. This technique highly depends on operator. Timing takes to cover all the steps and it is critical. In contrast to slow freezing, this vitrification needs enough level of training. If the vitrified solution stars to devitrify, (crystalise into ice), viability will be lost. This happens when thawing or extended time of storage persists (Fuller et al., 2004). Viability of vitrified samples is not certain for lengthy period of time but in case of slow cooling, preserved cells can be viable for many years, even to thousands of years. Direct exposure of cryogen can be achieved by fast cooling. As it is so, this process may carry possible contamination of organism from the liquid nitrogen. So, this process cannot be applicable for therapeutic cells. Vitrification technique is applied only to cooled cell suspensions in minor quantities. This method is not projected to apply in large quantities like cryovials, matrix tubes, bags, microtitre plates etc. Quality control measurement via this vitrification technique is made to be impossible as we need to take experiments for all straws. (Fahy et al., 2004) Usually the slow cooling procedure is used in infertility centers. But it is associated with documented limitations. Also sometimes, it damages sensitive parts of the cell ( eg- zona pellucida) and it induce biological changes. Because of these changes, we will get a depleted outcomes. To overcome this, Modifying cryopreservation procedure is attained- freezing and thawing by polymers. This also enhanced with changing the time duration of the cooling protocol and it is looked as same as the path to simplify and fast up cryobanking procedures to get beneficial results. As the vitrification technique connected with some problems, it acts as a challenging technique for reproductive medicine. The slow freezing technique serves as an effective method for humans too (Mandelbaum, J., 2000). An alternative method for cryopreservation was developed and it is called as vitrification. Comparative study has been taken between controlled slow cooling and vitrification techniques with patients undertaking controlled ovarian stimulation in GnRH agonist to determine efficacy. The rate of pregnancy after vitrification reveals more than higher successive rate than result achieved via slow cooling. Efficacy of vitrification yields (50.4%), and slow cooling results in (25.9%) successive rates.Human ovarian tissue also cryopreserved (Noriko et al 2009) Both cryopreservation as well as cryostorage contains budding advantages, especially in invitro fertilization. Ultimate goal of cryopreservation is to achieve maximum persistence rate and sustainability of biological system after thawing. In slow cooling procedure, clinically satisfactory result has not been attained. Slow cooling procedure needs costly equipment and also it is time consuming. One of a significant advantage of vitrification process is its tendency to form any ice crystals during both cooling and warming. In contrast, its limitation held in toxic effects due to addition of cryoprotectants and contamination via liquid nitrogen. In slow cooling technique, toxicity of cryoprotectant is relatively less. But many research outcomes supports the vitrification process rather than slow cooling in fertility treatment(Tsai et al., 2010). Blastocyst cells can be preserved by both the cryopreservation techniques. Among these, vitrification promotes increasing chance for future development. A reliable advancement is needed for vitrification to enhance the preservation of supernumerary blastocysts. Unsatisfactory results have been produced for the blastocyst preservation through slow freezing method. Vitrification acts as an alternative principle which is allied with capability of inducing more pregnancy rate and increased survival of embryo upon cryopreservation (Trounson and Mohr ., 1983 and Fuller et al., 2004). CONCLUSION: Approach taken by Kolibianakis et al results in the comparative analysis of both vitrification and controlled slow cooling. And its outcome provides similar results are given by both of these techniques. But comparatively, post thawing survival frequency is better in vitrification than slow cooling. Finally, they suggested that the there is no link between the vitrification process in giving high rate of pregnancy but it displays the successful post thawing survival both in the cleavage stage and in the blastocyst stage (Youssry et al., 2008 and Porcu et al 2000). According to Balaban et al survival rate of human 3 day embryo preservation reported the percentage of survival rate by vitrication as 94.8% whereas slow cooling provides 88.7%. (Kuc et al., 2010). Vitrification study over the embryo in cleavage stage testified 80% of survival rate and 22-35% of pregnancy rate. These results are more significant than the slow cooling procedure. Although the two main approaches of cryopreser vation contains signficant results, Vitrification gains more positive outcomes. Even in both the cases, limitations persist. All of its limitations can be always overcome by its positive side.